October Sky Essay Example for Free

October Sky EssayOctober Sky (1999) is one of those classic feel-good movies that come forth its viewers feeling as though they argon capable of allthing with the right amount of effort. What makes this story in particular so compelling is that it is based on a true story. Homer Hickam, the films protagonist appeared to be just a nonher kid from Coalwood, West Virginia that was destined to spend his animation in the mines. However, he and his friends end up building roquettes, studying physics and escaping the bleak future that lay before them. In the end, he and his friends Roy Lee and Quentin are able to leave the old mining town and become achievementful in their careers as engineers. My three favorite characters were Homer, Roy Lee, and Miss Rileythe teacher that went beyond the call of duty. Homer Hickam is much(prenominal) a likeable character because he is like everyman. He comes from a working class family, and does not seem to be a prodigy of any kind. Instead, he is passionate, ambitious and determined to go his own way in life, staying up late learning complex physics and mathematical problems and rocket design.Although his ambitions for his life differ remarkably from his fathers wishes for him, he demonstrates that it is possible to have total respect for someone anyway. In a conversation with his father he says, Dad, I may not be the best, unless I come to believe that I got it in me to be somebody in this world. And its not because Im so different from you either, its because Im the same. I mean, I can be just as hardheaded, and just as tough. I only hope I can be as good a man as you.Sure, Werner von Braun is a great scientist, but he isnt my hero (Homer Hickam, October Sky). Roy Lee was the second rocket boy that also aspired to leave the town as he did not want to last of black lung disease as his father had. He always had a smart comment for anything, mentioning that if they do not advance in creating a rocket that worked, that n either he nor his friends would ever become non-virgins. He also had a flair for making fun of Quentins hot gases. Though his humor endears him to the viewers, his motives for success are actually more common than Homers.While Homer wants to learn about engineering and live a better life, Roy Lee wants to succeed because it will most likely get him laid. His friendship with Homer was solid. Miss Riley is a small, supporting role in this drama, and her story is the most tragic. After article of faith for a hardly a(prenominal) years, she passed away from Hodgkins disease at the age of thirty-two. She was the main force behind Homers success as she boost the trio to enter the state science fair and deepen their study of physics and mathematics, often working with them after hours.Now there is an award created in her name because of her uncommon dedication. Although his father appeared to be the main antagonist of the story in terms of actively discouraging Homer from his quest, it becomes quickly apparent that he believes that it would be less painful for his son if he would give up these dreams of space flight and settle down to more practical matters. Still, he comes across as difficult to like, he is authoritarian, aggressive, and completely unsupportive of his son.His wife and Homer both believe that the mine is his entire life and that he loves it more than his family. Unfortunately, the mines are one of the only places in the area where men can provide decently well for their families and it is unlikely that he had trained to do anything else. One of the few true movies around that show that one can succeed with a dream and a team of supportive people behind them, even in the most dire of circumstances. This is especially refreshing because many true stories on the cinematic screen often have such tragic endings.

First Solar Turns Sunshine into Profits Essay Example for Free

commencement Solar Turns Sunshine into Profits EssayCase outlineFirst Solar was founded in 1999 from the Walton family. According to the marketing Sun Power, First Solars mission is to create enduring value by enable a world powered by clean, affordable solar electricity. (p. 90) The company manufactures solar modules, which have razor-thin cadmium telluride. They are manufactured this way beca riding habit it can inactive produce electricity even when clouds are blocking the sun. With this crop First Solar wants to promote that it is socially responsible. It non only grocery stores its cost efficiency done solar energy, but it also helps maintain sustainability by reducing the social function of fossil fuel. First Solar products have advantages with rival companies because its product does not figure on silicon wafers. Silicon wafers is the preferred product from other solar companies. Silicon wafers is a costly product and its also a but resource.Key Marketing Issu esCompetition In the business world competition is when businesses or firms enter the market with similar products. Per the article First Solar does not seem to have great threat of other firms, as it is the leading manufacture of solar power. First Solar uses razor-thin cadmium telluride material, while other companies use silicon wafers. Silicon is a scarce material and expensive as well.Oligopoly I would consider First Solar to be an oligopoly. Since it seems that there are some sellers that control the solar panel market. I would also say that since First Solar uses different material it has an upper hand when it comes to solar modules. This can reposition if different innovations enter the market.Political Forces Political force can always influence the wellbeing of a company. For example Germany and other European nations are advancealternative energy and that is why Germany has become First Solars target market.Technological Forces Technological forces will continue to cha nge the marketing perspective, because engineering science changes. Marketing strategies change to adapt and become appealable to consumers.Government Governments from various nations can influence with providing subsidies that help corporations maintain a decreased rates for solar energy. A problem that First Solar and other solar companies will have to tackle, because Germany will be reducing its subsidies soon.Personal Case AnalysisAs a personal analysis I was intrigued by the product differentiation between First Solar and other solar companies. Most solar companies use silicon wafers for their solar cells and panels. First Solar uses a razor-thin cadmium telluride solar cells and panels, which makes them an innovator of this product (what makes them marketable). They expect to decrease its cost to .50 cents per watt by 2014, which is 50% less than what is being paid at this moment. First Solar is not only based out of Tempe, Arizona, but its also marketed globally. Germany use to be its primary market, but now it is moving to the North American market.Case Questions1-Which marketing environment forces are likely to have the greatest impact on First Solar?The greatest impacts from environmental forces are Economic Conditions (buying power), Political Forces, and Technological Forces. Economic conditions change in which can affect the buying power. A perfect example would be the subsidies that are being received in Germany. Buying condition can decrease when the subsidies are lost. Unless there is a political agenda or lobbying involved. This is when technological advancement can be improvedto provide a less costly product.2-What types of organizations are most likely to asseverate the strongest competitive forces on First Solar?In order for a competitor to compete against First Solar, they would need to develop a superior product then what First Solar has produced. First Solar has produced a razor-thin cadmium telluride product that even works on cloudy days. One company that I think could bring competition would General Electric. General Electric is a well-established company that is looking into being a sustainable company and has the wealth to conform to solar panels.3-How did technology affect First Solars responses to the changes in the marketing environment? How can it continue to maintain its technological edge in its industry?First Solar started out because of high oil prices, environmental concerns with natural resources. First Solar does not use expensive material like silicon wafers, which is a scarce material and very costly. It will continue to maintain its technological edge because it is aware that it needs continuous assessments in every aspect of the market (fossil fuel, government, technologies, innovation, and consumer demand).ConclusionsFirst Solar has developed a product in which reduces the use of fossil fuel and creates alternative energy. Its marketing strategy has been focused on its crotchety development of technology (cadmium telluride cells) and the need to provide consumers and businesses a more sustainable product with a lower cost. Due to these advantages the company can attack the market aggressively. First Solar is aware of the challenges that will arise in the future. Environmental forces keep companies always on edge, which makes them continue to improve with new technological innovations. Marketing plans need to be adjusted on a continuous basis due to changes that may arise from government, natural resources, political views and social views.

Various New Trends In Indian Music Industry Media Essay

Various New Trends In Indian euphony Industry Media EssayThis report is to analyze of various refreshed trends in Indian medicinal drug persistence. The research is based on Sony Music Entertainment India Pvt. Ltd. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc (SMEI), New York. It is one of the to the spunkyest degree noteworthy recording companies in the demesne and growing its championship in India rapidly, as Indian medicament effort is known for its bollywood (Indian film diligence) medicine, and its growing business in Indian commercialize. The organization and the country chosen in this report is to explore its recent trends and the factor ins which affecting the company as well as the Indian medical specialty industry (IMI). IMI is not an ordinary industry, as it is one of the important sources of revenue for Indian g e rattlingplacenment.The report is focused on the Indian music industry and its sassy trends and pre and post grooms link to these trends. The main structure of the report is three important parts which includes four trends which are upkeeped by various articles, journals, reports, online information and info and other various literature which support the evidence of all four trends and followed by the scenarios based on deductive approach and finally, the implications of these trends and on the basis on which conclusion is drawn. The report is completed based on k directledge acquired in the class, winkary data and the great support from Mr. Stephen McGrail.Industry and market backgroundThe reason out to choose the music industry as a topic to researcher is due to the things making our attention in the world care in UK, at least 7 cardinal people use il effectual downloads, costing the economy billions of Dollars and thousands of jobs, according to a report. Which reflect that the illegal downloading is robbing the worlds economy with millions of Dollars every socio-economic class and seriousl y damaging business, innovation and music industry throughout the world .This is something which really need attention from the masses as well the disposal in tackling this issues.Following find show prominent revenue decrease in music industry from year 1999-2008(Figure Where is the money going? (Reason Number 3 for the cliff in Music Sales Availability Too Little or Wrong Format 2010)The issues which is making the set back to the music industry go away be the future money machine in the long term prospective if they are considered reasonably i.e. in next 5 days, lucre routine bemaking sales down it go away create to a greater extent revenue for the government as well as the music industry like Sony, etc. with the use of e-commerce meanslike iTunes and YouTube.We are taking Indian music which is full of diversity due to its large population and growing economy. The market size of Indian Music industry is about Rs.777 Crores (USD 149 million) 2009. Digital market has been expanding rapidly and will lead to a trend of gradual substitution indoors the next 5 years. Piracy has been a problem since long in Indian market and still remains. Overall, the music industry is estimated to grow at 3% every year for next five years (Music Market 2010 the Indian Music Industry, http//www.indianmi.org/national.htm viewed 30th Sep 2010)Following figure show that the despite music revenue dropping in western countries, the music industry in India still maintains on brace growth.(Source revenues of the music industry in India Figure shows the industry revenue of India in Crores (ten million)Figure shows the distribution of Indian music market. Film is a critical drive factor in Indian music, taking over 3/5 of the market share. International and local pop music is approximately half-half, respectively 6% and 8%.(Figure Genre wise distribution of music sales in India Music Market 2010)Organization Background.Sony Music Entertainment is the second largest recording music company in the world. It counted among the BIG FOUR music companies. Sony music was founded in 1929 with the merger of several small companies. after(prenominal) many acquisition and joint venture in 2008 Sony Music buys all the share of the company. The conglomeration revenue of Sony Music is 3.9 billion U.S$ with a growth of 2.2% in 2008. Sony Music amusement signed a deal with you tube and have its own street on you tube.Sony Music Entertainment India Pvt. Ltd is the wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Inc (SMEI) New York. It is the only integrated company in India, with manufacturing, marketing and distribution. Sony Music entered Indian market in 1996, which brings lots of change in Indian music industry mainly Sony creates a transparency in the music industry and focused on quality. And the nearly important thing Sony music exported Indian music to international audience also. Total market share of company in 2007-08 was 10 % which is, much higher th an other music companies in India.The economic trend which can be seen in the Indian Market is the Rising of substance class as we know Indian is the one of the world largest economy with good purchasing power which is in the hand of the middle class as the population density of India is more(prenominal) toward middle class. This is effecting the Indian music industry as the buying electrical condenser of the music gadget or the instrument which now a days mostly work on the digital storage and flash storage as they are more compact and mobile no matter of the old sources like walkman and the Disk players.Second, Indias service industry accounts for 55% of the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in which digital market growing in the steady flow. Lastly, the wealthiest of younger and there westernization as more and more go study overseas and come back with a better paid career. In which the Australia is the second largest group of overseas students in number after China. The y are building a larger middle class, and also their appetite is influenced is more towards western lifestyle.Post-condition to move this trend in future are firstly the change magnitude number of legal website exists like iTunes Store for downloading and the rule and regulation will increase their tense to all these downloading site . secondly, post-condition is the technologies in the Indian market will grow and will keep them up to the mark with the world in reference to the music software, music formats and device to play with.The pre-condition of the trend in which the companies focusing on Internet Entertainer is due young generation is turning toward the short term cheer and they really jumpinging love it as there million of Face book posted video which is high supported from the youth which reflect that more population involving there most of the time in day doing societal- interlocking whether its on Laptop, desktop or Mobile. This culture is also increasing due to i ncreasing affording capacity of this youth market.The Post condition which is required to sustain this trend are firstly , the increasing in number of IPTVs channels from the help of the internet provider. Secondly ,rising patent and written matter right law and the issues related to them and last the increasing number of posted video which lead to the numbers of talents and self made celebrity. court-ordered trendThe trend is Copyright for Remixes, where Remixes are nothing but some changes made to original songs in other words old wine in new bottle. And the most important issue is the young generation enjoys remix song more than that of original songs and it is an easy way of popularizing old forgotten songs. And as remixes are copied of already existing musical works so issue of copyright is an important issue in India. In over past few years the huge sale of this kind of music proves that people like this kind of music. And this new trends is good for both customers and Indian music industry, as customers are get more variety of music and good for industry as it gaining new talents and upsurge in revenue, for example an old song kaanta laga is remixed and released in year 2003 by an Indian music company T-series and its has taken remixes to a new height and boom the remix market. endorseFrom year 2001-2004 around 5500 cases were registered by Indian music industry and government official seized 25 lakh compact disc. And the according to the copyright act 1957 5 percentage of the share from the first print order has to be sent as royalty to the song owner (singer)Pre-ConditionPre condition that leads to this trend is that workmans are start losing loyalty and they getting less money as most important task is done by them and the remix artists making lot of money. And government and Indian music industry estimated that because of piracy they had a loss of 190 million U.S dollars in terms of sales tax, excise duty, and income tax. And most important India n consumers are suffering because they are buying poor quality of products and supporting the thievery of intellectual property.Post ConditionThere are several post conditions of this trend like growth of more online distributors in India few e.g. Fabmart.com, soundbuzz.com, musicurry.com, vindia.com, audiofind.com, mp3.com are some of the websites frequently visited by music fans to download Indian as well as international music, musicurry.com is the only Indian portal to have obtained license to army and play Indian music online. Secondly increasing copyright protection of online contents as Indian music industry (IMI) has set up Anti-piracy team in year 2000 for internet security which is headed by a famous Indian official who has been working with IFPI to face piracy in India and the result of this IMI has managed to destruction five hundreds sites which enables consumers to download music illegally. IMI also focusing on Websites which are involved in streaming and downloading Indian music with the collaborations of IFPI (IFPI represents the recording industry worldwide, with a membership comprising some 1400 record companies in 66 countries and affiliated industry associations in 45 countries) and the most important initiating actions against consumers downloading music through P2P transfers which result the famous downloading source KAZAA is closed. And for the success of all this effort retailers increasing extent of rules by government specially remix music retailers.The technological trend.This trend refers to the technology boom which leads to the soaked competition in the technological market which leads to cheap and quality products. As the increases consumption of the desktop, laptop and the other digital devices in India. It brings the technology as the internet that is a significant influencer directly to the Indian music market. Especially, the online market stimulation which fulfills the customer need and bring low cost and quality of produ ct (IMI 2005).EvidenceIndian would like to use the technological devices such as iPod or other products of Apple. Even though the taxes of these products are high, they are willing to buy these products.(Carney 2010).Pre conditionThe pre condition to this trend is the increase in literacy rate in Indian as the most of the young generation is educating them self to sustain in the competing world and the second the amount of the foreign direct investment flowing in the India is leading to high technology development due to the technology transfer from the rise company.Post conditionThe post conditions to sustain this trend are firstly the technology shift from Micro to Nano devices in the reference to there size as well as the passageer on which they work on and secondly as per the data the demand of the high tech product in India are increasing day by day which reflect the continuous adoption of the high-tech life style regardless of their high cost.Scenario Methodology.To analyze how the four trends interact betwixt each other, we employ a cross-impact table in which vertical columns are active, and the horizontal ones are passive. With the help of this we will conclude the most uncertain factor to analyze the future scenarioEmerging middle classSuper tech.Internet EntertainerLegalEmerging middle classMake people buy moreGo for more diversified ent. More access to P.C. NetNo more piracy supportSuper tech.More salesMore iPad, iPod, iPhone, istimulationaccelerateInternet EntertainerMore audienceMore online recourse availableRegulate and guideLegalMore requirement for legal supportBetter guaranteeForce to, lead toWe are using deductive method to analyze the music industrys future scenario. We have chosen the two most uncertain factors from the cross impact table that mostly influence the future of this industry in India areExtend of the government of rule and regulation.Adoption of high-tech life style.Extend of the government of rule and regulation.As we kn ow that Indian is the Country with the second Largest population in the world and the government structure is very complicated which can create in the uncertainty in the adoption of the rule and regulation in Indian as whole. But in this actor we are taking about the measuring and the insure of the rule and regulation the government impose in the country to measure and monitor the online activities. (E.g. Bit torrent)The extend of the rule which can be imposed can be on the legislation on using a musicians product in any awareness (e.g. processing remix of original songs) will have to liquidate the copyright fee or loyalty to the musician and company as well as the artist because at the moment no one is paying for using anyone works to remakeAdoption of high-tech life style.As we talked about population of the India in previous uncertainty factor ,the same things also refer here that the Indian population is very diversified in the sense of age ,cast and morality .And the adopt ion to the new high-tech life style is somewhere widely excepted and somewhere not. And the young population which we are mainly targeting can be ridged in some part and open in some part of India which depend on the background they came from and ultimately influence the music industry.Following figure we have shown the deductive method. In which we have taken both the uncertainty factor on the axis to find out the future scenario for the music industry. With the help of this we are able to formed four quadrants by using the uncertainty variable in which each of them stands for a possible and Negative scenario which can occurs for the Indian music industry.Description of Scenario.Scenario 1 Internet Parade down in the mouth legislation vs Low technology adoption.It very much represent the present situation of market, when nearly all the resources are available freely and people dont always pay copyright fee even if they use music products digitally i.e. downloads. This will belik e happen because of low extend of the Rule and regulation from the government will favor people to hunt for free downloading site.Scenario 2 Websites WinsLow legislation vs broad(prenominal) technology adoptionWill lead to scarce of free downloadable music recourses because of high technology innovation on coding of digital information and websites start to charge for downloads or paid sign up for downloading.This will happen because there is a universal discipline when it is about resource it would be business opportunity for the online retailer but not for the government revenue as due to low regulation.Scenario 3 Grey MarketHigh Legislation vs. Low technology adoptionObjectively there will be large amount for downloadable or transitable music products, but will be highly restricted by Government Regulation and laws. So the situation could be that the downloading or sharing behavior would convert to underground way through social network and with sharing of content through com munities like face book, AOL, MSN, QQ and other chatting tools and networking sites.This will possibly happen when there is strict prevention of illegal downloading, the websites providing this would disappear and social communities and chatting tools would take relay of this thing because they are extremely popular among peers and they surely can be a good media for transmitting digital property products by friends-sharing between individuals, without offending the law.Scenario 4 Bright EraHigh legislation protection vs. High technology adoption.This is favorable future for music industry. Customers have to pay for all online resources, and they cannot be transited easily and the creative person and Creator wont lose their loyalty.But in real sense this is somewhat difficult to happen, because either of the legal and technology part will meet obstacle, even also the music companies work hand-in-hand with government. The concerning issues related to resistance of internet users, a mong who are majority brought up in an digital environment that all the transformed products should be shared freely, and ignorance and lack of consciousness of intellectual property in developing countries. And also both of their process takes long time, maybe decades to actually implement practically.Implications.Key Risk.The New technology will be at risk till it has been widely accepted or has been globalised or nationalized.The new technology will lead to the potential risk for example the Transiting between the devices will be more difficult.In future more online retailer will play in market as its growing and will lead to the high density of completion in the digital market. cost of the Original Music will get down due to the high technology and low inventory cost in the production of the music.Key Opportunity.Online retailer and the big music company like Sony Music will have the opportunity to work with the government hand to hand regarding the copyright issues and the othe r related issues to protect their right as well the artist loyalty .This digital market will give Indian music industry a new face which will be broader and full of new opportunities which will help the Indian music industry to grow worldwide.This will lead to improvement in the quality of the music and with the advancement of the technology the more file format will come for the music for example mp3, FLV, WMV, and ACC.Many more coming in future.Conclusion.After the Depth research of the industry and the chosen market we can conclude that the growth of this industry in the future is favorable and proposed scenario may occur in which the most favorable are Grey Market and the Bright Era.The movement of the physical CDs and the DVD will decrease or we can say will demolish as we can see these days and the future will be more of the flash drives and the digital market .With the help of the technology the government will have the more power to monitor and track the online downloads and the uses will help the government to generate the more revenue from the online industry which they are losing these days.The Artist and the music producer as well the singer will be free to circulate their work or art as due to high regulation and rule on online market their work will be protected and which will give the freedom to share with the world without fear of copy or illegal Issues.Lastly we conclude that the more and more Music company will work in hand in hand with the online entertainment sites Like YouTube ,You ku, etc.

Social Work With Maori Clients in New Zealand

Social Work With Maori Clients in New ZealandTask 1 let off how Te Tiriti O Waitangi applies in the social service, you must include an over altogether explanation as well as giving at least three(3) item examples of how Te Tiriti impacts in the area of assisting people to settle in the community chase residential care.One of the important concepts to emerge is that Te Tiriti O Waitangi is a living document this means that it was never meant to freeze iwi and their aspirations at the time of signing, but was intended to continue to protect their interest and status as tangata whenua into the future. another(prenominal) important concept is that Te Tiriti applies not just to Maori and the crown but to all new Zealanders, guaranteeing us all the right to live here peacefully as quicks and develop New Zealand together.The Treaty batten downd that Maori, would be given full authority status and prestige with regard to their possessions and interest, the treaty in addition state s that their possessions would be protected, and also the Mana to control them in accordance with their own customs and having regard to their own cultural preferences.The treaty established a partnership, and the treaty partners are under a duty to act reasonably and in good faith with one another, the postulates of both cultures must be respected, and compromises may be needed in some cases.Te Tiriti O Waitangi applies in social operate by ensuring that all social services cede a bi cultural perspectives e.g. physical environment, protocols and practises.Partnershipapplies in social services by respecting Maori handed-down spiritual rites, it describes a relationship between two parties, the concept of partnership applies to all Maori, and it describes the government agency in which Maori outhouse relate to each other. Partnership means enabling the Maori voice to be heard and Maori perspective to influence the type of health services delivered to Maori people and the way in which they are delivered. It also retards that social services have a bi cultural perspective.Consultation with Maori leadership and management when organisational policies are being discussed in order to ensure Maori have rangatiratanga rights over taonga,they have equity rights, to full participation in decision making ,treaty follows that Maori should expect to secure this outcomes and participate in society .In good faith between two sides (Maori and Crown) social services organisations ensure needs of Maori are pritorised when engaging with Maori or when creating policy that could affect Maori.ProtectionIs also an other principles which can apply in social services .For Maori, a secure cultural identity depends on access to the cultural social and economic resource of tea o Maori (the Maori world),especially te reo /tikanga the Maori language ,whanau, their lands and natural resources.Protection of Maori identity is likely to be positively correlated with good health, bet ter educational outcomes ,and greater employment we have to ensure that our work practises and environment are culturally appropriate and comfortable for Maori ,and that Maori have opportunities to pursue their employment aspirations and interest, Maoris to have protected rights to make choices that best serve their culture, that line with tika and kawa,their traditions and customary practises, work in environments that feel safe and nurturing.Maori should be allowed to practice their Tino Rangatiratanga overall of their taonga and benefit from these taonga, social service worker must respect the right of Maori where Maori can enjoy their taonga in social service settings.ParticipationMaintaining active lines of communication amongst there people family, participating in the karakia, koranga, kai, Whanau-Hui.Embracing the four corner stones of health i.e. Te Taha Wairua (spiritual) Te Taha Hinegaro (Mental) Te Taha Tinana (Physical) Te Taha Whanau (the family).Providing freedom for Maori to verbalise Te-Reo and to participate in any Maori spiritual or cultural practises.PermissionConsultations of all levels with Mori perspectives, allowing them to blab out in their own language Te reo/Tikanga, request them with kaumatuas, families support.Let them participate in any Mori spiritual or cultural practises, also involvement of Mori models of health i.e. Te Whare Tapa Wha to be applied rather than western models when working with Mori.Services accessibility for the Maori should be permitted. While engaging with Maori clients we can involve a translator who can translate Te reo with Maori clients, allowing them to practise their own culture.Task 5 Application of social service theoryExplain how your actions throughout the process of assisting people to resettle in the community following residential care were guided and supported by valid theory for social service practise. Include examples.As a social worker you have to apply all four principles of Treaty O Wai tangi. The four principles are Partnership, participation, protection, and permissionA social worker should ensure that the needs of Maori client are taken into account when interacting with Maori or when creating policy that could affect Maori consultation or having Maori representative on the steering committee or their board while creating organisation policies and procedures to ensure that they allow Maori to rangatiratanga over their Taonga.Social workers must consider cultural values, principles or beliefs under the guidance of Te Tiriti O Waitangi for Maori.Working together with whanau Hui, involve families for support, allowing client to do her karakia, mirimiri, and involve the client in Maori culture.A social worker we should always provide safety and confidentiality for the client, respecting clients hauteur and integrity, values and beliefs, social worker should build a trust with understanding each other and should have a holistic approach at all times.Te Reo/Tikanga a nd Development of Iwi and MaoriSocial workers should provide appropriate cultural charge ,allowing the client to involve in their maoridom ,events like karakia, mirimiri, Maori community, peer group members, providing clients right to speak their language (Te Reo) involving whanau-hui,engaging the client into marae activities, providing the safety and reassuring the client that he or she is the part of facility.Social worker need to provide appropriate cultural supervision and training so all social workers provide culturally appropriate and safe practise when working with Maori, they should have integrated approach towards Maori wellbeing models and traditional knowledge within the framework of engagement.Social work ethicsSocial worker should be professional ,always provide clear informations to the clients and following the ANZASW code of ethics ,promoting the clients wellbeing, involving the whanau, and always maintaining their professional boundaries ,showing respect and all r elevant informations should be kept confidential and provide safety to the client.Maori models of practiceMaori models of practise should have a holistic approach, we as social worker have to develop good relationship, understanding health, and wellness of whakapapa, have to understand the Maori models of health, e.g Te WhareTapa Wha-four corner stones of Maori health.Taha Tinana (physical health) provides safe environment, basic needs and inclusiveness. However for Maori physical well-being is intertwined with spiritual, emotional and family well-being.an example of the connection between Te taha wairua and Te taha Tinana is how for Maori the body and things associated with it are tapu. The concept of tapu (meaning sacred) was the basis of law and order and health in traditional Maori society.Taha Hinegaro-(mental health) provide education ,brochures in Maori language about the sickness, if possible translate, involve Kaumatua,whanau,friends for support. We need to consider the bi gger picture retains the essence of the individual while addressing the needs of the whole, Maori think can be described as being holistic, healthy view for many Maori is about relationships, communication through emotions is important and more meaningful than the exchange of words and is valued just as much.We need to consider Te Taha hinegaro, be aware of the different cultural values and beliefs around health and the individual and whanau.Being respectful and open to these different beliefs and values will ensure meaningful engagement and connections can occur.In considering chronic care conditions, need to change the focus from individual management to whanau self management.Taha Wairua(spiritual health)-practising culture, going to marae, performing karakia, mirimiri, meliorate body and mind, using herbal medicines. Te Taha Wairua is more on spiritual wellbeing. We need to consider the spiritual wellbeing and health of Maori people, breakdown of relationship could be seen in terms of ill health or lack of personal identity.Taha Whanau (family health) consultations at all levels of Maori, they must have equal access to all levels of services provided to Maoris always have to provide care nurturance, which relates with Maori identity and sense of purpose. Within all whanau there are roles and responsibilities, families contribute to a persons well-being and most importantly a persons identity. The challenge for practitioners will be in supporting the change from an individual focus to that of a whanau focus.Referencinghttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waithttp//www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+TREATY+OF+WAITANGI+AND+SOCIAL+POLICY.-a054024005http//whakapapa.maori.org.nz/archives/viewthread.php?TOPIC_ID=3532Page=http//www.maori.org.nz/papapanui//archives/viewthread.php?TOPIC_ID=3532http//moodle.unitec.ac.nz/mod/page/view.php?id=162

Methods of Refrigeration: Literature Review

Methods of Refrigeration Literature look backwardREVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 IntroductionIn study of applied thermo dynamics all the speckle we have been observing affectionateness transfer from a system at higher temperature to that at lower temperature. Now in the study of infrigidation we entrust be observing various methods of cooling the objects and maintaining the temperature of bodies at values lower than surrounding temperature.According to American society of Halimentation, Refrigeration and Air- instruct Engineers (ASHARE) Refrigeration is the science of providing and maintaining temperature to a lower place that of the surrounding (ambient) temperature.In the olden days around 2500 age B.C. Indians, Egyptians, etc., were producing ice-skating rink by keeping urine in the porous posts open to cold automated teller during the night period. The e vaporisationation of urine in al close to cool dry publicize accompanied with recitative heat transfer in the clear night ca apply the organization of ice even when the ambient temperature was above the freezing temperature. Further references atomic effect 18 available which support the use of ice in China 1000 years BC. Nero, the emperor, was using ice for cooling beverages. Further, the East Indians were able to produce infrigidation by dissolving salt in water as early as 4th century A.D., of course, on very small scale. The use of evaporative cooling is a nonher application of refrigeration utilize olden days. The cooling of water in ear so pots for drinking purpose is the most reciprocal example where the evaporation for water through the pores of ear wherefore pot is accompanied with cooling of water.The fore(prenominal) said methods of the production of cooling were not feasible for the commercial use due to very small amount of ice production. Availability of natural ice in limited regions and unavailability of good quality insulation confined the application of ice to those localities o nly. These all led to the development of artificial refrigeration side, a few would be presented here. Thomas Harris and John Long got the earliest British p arnt in 1790. Later on in 1834 Jacob Perkins actual go across operated refrigeration system using ether (volatile) as the working fluid. Ether vapor is sucked by the hand-operated compressor and then high temperature and pressure either vapor is condensed in the water cooled chamber ( electrical capacity). Liquid ether is finally throttled to the lower pressure, and thus evaporation of this liquid in chamber A lowers the temperature of water surrounding the vessel. in the end ice is formed. In this system, ether is used again and again in the cyclic go with negligible wastage.In 1851, Dr. John Garrie of Florida, a physician obtained the commencement American patent of a cold aviation machine to produce ice in order to cure mint suffering from the high fever. sort of of assembly line or ether, sulphuric ether was used b y Dr. James Harrison of Australia in 1860, the worlds prime(prenominal) installation of refrigeration machine for brewery. The locomote engine works as a advocate source which drives the compressor for the pressurization of sulphuric ether vapor, which is, in turn, condensed and is allowed to expand and evaporate in order to produce refrigeration. Dr. horse parsley Kirk of England constructed a cold air machine is 1861 similar to that of Dr. Gorrie. The air was compressed by a reciprocating compressor driven by a steam engine running on coal. His actual machine consumed about 1 kg of coal to produce 4 kg of ice (approximately).In the 19th century, in that location was terrific development of refrigeration systems to replace natural ice by artificial ice producing machines. Unfortunately steam engine, a very low speed power developing source, was used to drive the compressor, rendering very poor performance of the refrigeration system.Some Recent Advancements of in Refrigeratio nIn the beginning of twentieth century, large sized refrigeration machines were under progress. By 1904 about 450 ton cooling system for air conditioning the impertinent York Stock Exchange was installed. In Germany people used air conditioning in theatre for comfort purposes. In around 1911 the compressor speed was raised between 100 to 300 rpm. The first two-stage modem compressor was brought under use in 1915.During the civil war there was an acute shortage of the supply of natural ice from the north. Hence, Ferdinand C atomic number 18 of the USA developed vapour-absorption refrigeration system ammonium hydroxide as a refrigerant and water as a absorbent. The system consists of an evaporator, an absorber, a pump, a generator, a capacitance and an expansion device. The evaporated vapor is absorbed by the weak ammonia-water mixture in the absorber yielding strong aqua ammonia. The pump delivers this strong solution into the generator where heat transfer from a burner sepa judge ammonia vapor and the weak ammonia water returns to the absorber. On the other hand the ammonia vapor condenses in the condenser before being throttled. The throttled ammonia liquid enters the evaporator resulting in completion of the cyclic process.In the beginning of two decades of the twentieth century, the development in refrigeration system was confined to refinement in cold air machines and vapor muscle holdion thermoelectric, pulse tube refrigeration systems, etc. The developments are vortex tube, steam-jet refrigeration system, availability of seculars of specific properties for thermoelectric materials. The attainable use of waste heat or solar energy in case of vapor-absorption and thermoelectric systems has led to development of several commercial units these days particularly due to the like hood of future energy crisis, the world is going to face.A condenser is a heat exchanger is which de-superheating of high temperature vapor changes the pattern from vapor to liquid and sub cooling of condensate occurs. The condenser is an all important(predicate) device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration system. Its function is to remove heat of hot vapor refrigerant discharged from the compressor. The hot vapor refrigerant consists of the heat absorbed by the evaporator and the heat of compression added by the mechanical energy of the compressor motor. The heat from the hot vapor refrigerant in a condenser is removed first by transferring it to the walls of the condenser tubes and then from the tubes to the condensing or cooling medium. The cooling medium may be air or water or a combination of the two. An air cooled condenser is one in which the removal of heat is done by air. It consists of steel or copper metro through which the refrigerant flows. The size of tube unremarkably ranges from 6mm to 18mm outside diameter, depending upon the size of the condenser. Generally copper tubes are used because of its excellent heat transfer a bility. The condensers with steel tubes are used in ammonia refrigerate systems. Majority of the domestic refrigerators uses the natural convection air cooled condenser. The present work refrigerator uses the natural convection air cooled condenser. In natural convection air cooled condenser, the heat transfer from the condenser coils to the air is by natural convection. As the air comes in contact with the warm condenser tubes, it absorbs heat from the refrigerant and thus the temperature of air increases. The warm air being lighter, rises up and cold air from below rises to take away the heat from the condenser. This cycle continues in natural convection air cooled condensers. This work is an experimental snuggle to increase the heat to be rejected in the condenser as well as increase the performance of the system. If the condenser is having more fins spacing then the number of fins available at the condenser are less. Due to this surface area decreases. Therefore less heat tran sfer occurs. On the other hand if the condenser is having less fins spacing then the number of fins available at the Condensers are more. Therefore more heat rejection takes place in the condenser. Because of more heat rejection sub cooling occurs at the exit of the condenser which in turn increases the performance of the system. Decreasing energy consumption and increasing readiness is one of the most important points in our era. Becoming a matter of immemorial importance in air conditioning, industrial and commercial cooling applications, supermarket cooling, blast freezing and process cooling applications, energy efficiency affects design of chillers (and its equipment much(prenominal) as condensers, compressors etc.) and urges manufacturers to develop high performance, energy-efficient, environment friendly, economic, and long life products.Becoming a matter of uncreated importance in air conditioning, industrial cooling, supermarket cooling, commercial cooling, blast freezi ng and process cooling applications, etc., energy efficiency affects the design of chillers that account for a significant ratio of the energy consumption in plants. Legal legislations that for the short run limit, and in the long run prohibit the use of fluids of high global change potential, that are detrimental to the ozone layer are also influential on designs. Since air cooled condensers are among the essential components of cooling groups, efforts to improve their energy efficiency are made incessantly, the related national and international standards are upgraded and limitations on their energy consumptions are always increasing.Our statement will convey in the light of the in style(p) applicable standards- detailed and comparative study on applications aimed at improving the energy efficiency in air cooled condensers, highlighting the importance of energy efficiency in cooling installations.2.2 The effect of condensation temperature on capacityThe condensation temperatur e of the refrigerant is considered to be 6C 20C above air inlet temperature for general purposes. The condensation temperature varies according to the ambient temperature in which the system will operate. This said, the condensation temperature for applications is commonly taken as 30-60C.Factors taken into consideration for find the condensation temperatureAmbient temperature,Thermo physical properties of the refrigerant,Properties of the selected compressor andThe dimensions of the condenser.While providing the nominal condenser capacity in condensers as per the Euro vent Standard, the air inlet temperature and condensation temperature are taken as 25C and 40C respectively. In other words, T = 15 C.A low value should be selected for the temperature contrastiveial T, in places of high ambient temperature. For instance, while designing for the conditions of Antalya the T value should be selected within the range of 7 10 C. For systems that will operate in outdoor environments in conditions of Turkey, the temperature antitheticalial should be lowered as one goes from the north to the south and selections should be made accordingly. It must always be considered that juicy Compression Temperature creates a load on the compressor that reduces efficiency and shortens its useful life. It will be quite beneficial in the design for the condensation temperature to be contract as low as possible. However, in some conditions it is not possible to take a low value for the condensation temperature. For example in midway East countries where the outdoor temperature is 50C-55C, high condenser temperature is unavoidable.The following example shows the compressor absorbed power at various condensation temperatures and the achieved cooling capacities for a semi-hermetic pillowcase HGX4/555-4 model compressor manufactured by BOCK, which uses R134A gas. The cooling gas selected for the example is R134A. As seen from the table, when the condensation temperature rises fr om 30C to 60C, the compressor draws 25% more power while the cooling capacity drops by 38.5%, the COP value decreases by 51% and the a unit that is 38.5% larger must be used to achieve the cooling capacity declared in the design.2.3 Tried and True for MillenniaCopper tubing has been in use by civilization for thousands of years, and it has been open up present in the water lines of Ancient Egypt.Modern-day houses having copper pipes installed 70 years ago are calm down working well in the present day and require removed less to fix and modify than alternative methods. Should you choose copper, you will have very little maintenance, whereas even stainless steel begins to rust everyplace time, especially if it is not painted or coated.There are a great variety of uses for copper tubing. If you invest a high degree into copper, you may be able to advantageously reclaim your investment with high rates of return for reuse and recycling for example. Copper is a fantastic renewable re source because it is easily recycled.Beneficial Qualities of Copper TubingProven LongevityComparably LightweightResistant to CorrosionCan Be Formed to ShapeLargely nontoxic and Non Carcinogenic2.4 Copper Condenser CoilsCondensers are one of the prominent uses of copper tubing. Changing gases into liquids occur at appropriate temperature dew point. Coppers fantastic heat transfer rates are one of the best choices for achieving this goal, exceeding other heat transfer tubing materials (such as aluminum in this case) by nearly 800% while maintaining a strong, lightweight structure. Having a higher heat transfer rate renders less total material necessary for a given space, allowing for more compact, lightweight, and simple condenser applications that minimize back pressure. CTCG builds condensers with copper tubing, aluminum tubing, and stainless steel tubing, to customer printsbut we highly recommend copper tubing for condenser applications.2.5 in all Designs Accepted for ReviewWhethe r your coil is, serpentine, coaxial, or completely customized, all designs are accepted for review. Both hard drawn and annealed, flexible copper tubing acceptable for forming and coiling. Easily source production runs of custom copper tubing coils or buy bulk loads of custom and non-custom length copper tubing, including level wound coils, water tubing and piping, refrigeration tubing, DWV and capillary tubing.Providing Tubing Coils for Most IndustriesCopper meets many industries highest standards for excellence thus we recommend the use of copper for your applications inThe Aerospace Industry,Construction Industry,Freon Recycling Industry, medical examination Industry, and theAC Refrigeration IndustryMost projects can be easily manufactured, including such items as gas turbines, artistic projects, diagnostic hardware, in one to quartet weeks (and sometimes faster). Check our present inventory to see what tube types can be serviced this month2.6 Why CopperCopper tubing is the id eal material for many applications. Its strength, the ease with which it is fabricated and soldered, and its high conductivity to heat is invaluable in the process of building homes and industrial buildings, particularly for the refrigeration and air conditioning equipment installed.Tubing made from copper is one of the few naturally-sourced materials that are 100% recyclable, so no metal is lost in reclaiming copper from pipes no womb-to-tomb needed, making it a good choice for the future.Maori Trends and Paradigms 1919 to Present DayMaori Trends and Paradigms 1919 to Present DayResearch hauora Maori trends and paradigms from 1919 to the present day Unit Standard 18414Gilanne M. Natividad point the realmThe Tmaki Makaurau region stretches from the South Kaipara in the north to the southern reaches of the Manukau Harbour and unfolds more than 5,600 square kilometres. It is the smallest of the Te Puni Kkiri regions but contains the largest population of Mori.Identify the Hauora Ma ori trends and paradigmsLung crab effectIs a disease whereby, cells grow uncontrollably in the lung tissue usually beginning in the lining of the bronchi or bronchioles (small tubes in the lungs, through which air passes while breathing). As these tumours enlarge they can block off the bronchi and restrict the airflow into the lung. They commonly spread into the local lymph nodes and occasionally the chest wall. This reduces the airways capacity principal to shortness of breath and coughing. The growth may lead to metastasis, which is when the genus Cancer spreads to other areas of the body.Smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer and is attributed to approximately 85% of cases. Lung cancer in non-smokers is attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos and air pollution, including second-hand smoke. (Cancer NZ)Cervical CancerIs cancer of the neck opening, which is the lower part of the uterus or womb.Cervical cancer develops slowly over time, usuall y taking many years, when abnormal cells grow on the cervix. These abnormal cells are caused by infection with high-risk types of HPV.Abnormalities in the cells of the cervix can be detected by cervical blanket and removed. Each year there are around 25,000 abnormal smear test results among untested Zealand women.The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is persistent HPV infection.Other factors may contribute, includingGenetics some women are more likely to arse around cancer than others (family history)Smoking tobacco is a factor in causing many types of cancer, including cervical cancer. Women who smoke are twice as likely as non-smokers to develop cervical cancerNutrition women with a diet low in fruits and vegetables have an increased riskNumber of knowledgeable partners the more sexual partners a person has, the higher their risk of contracting HPVNot having regular smear tests this increases a womans risk of developing cervical cancer. (Ministry of Health, 2014) gynecological cancers are not common cancers but they do take the lives of around 350 New Zealand women each year. Ovarian cancer causes around 190 of these deaths. For all the gynecological cancers, like most cancers, the risk increases with age.For ovarian and endometrial (lining of the uterus) cancers the causes are not well understood. However it is known that Women who have not had children Women who are overweightwhitethorn have an increased risk for these cancers a cause of some cervical, vulval and vaginal cancers is a virus called human papilloma virus (HPV). This is a common sexually transmitted virus. Most women are infected with it at some point in their lives. For most women it will never cause any problems. However, for a few women it causes cell changes that can lead to cancer. (Gynaecological Cancers Information for all Women, 2012)Colon Cancer or Bowel CancerBowel cancer is named according to where it is found for example, cancer of the colon, cancer of the rectum or colorectal cancer. This cancer occurs when the cells in some part of the bowel grow abnormally and form a lump or tumour. Most cancers are in the large bowel. Cancer in the small bowel is less common.How common is bowel cancer?The latest provisional information available from the New Zealand Cancer Registry1 recorded 2,759 new cases of colorectal cancer in 2008. It is one of the most common cancers among both men and women in New Zealand. It may occur at any age, although 90 percent of cases are found in people over the age of 50.There are different risk factors in developing Bowel CancerLifestyleA diet high in fat and protein and low in fruit and vegetables alcoholic drink consumptionWeight gain, particularly around the waistLow rates of physical activity.Family History of Bowel CancerRare Genetic Conditions(Bowel Cancer Matepukupuku puku Hamuti, 2009)Identify traditional barbeles to HauoraMaori Models of wellnessThe Medical Wheel (Stamler, 2003)Purpose effectiveness of wellnes scare for Maori by delivering quality service.4 themesMentalEmotionalSpiritual somatogenicTe Pae Mahutonga (Durie, 2011)Purpose the star constellation focuses on modern health promotion4 starsMauriora cultural identityWaiora environmental protectionToiora healthy modus vivendiTe Oronga participation in societyTe Wheke (Pere, 1984)Purpose this is to link between the mind, spirit, human connection with the whanau and the physical world.10 componentsTe whnau the familyWaiora total offbeat for the individual and familyWairuatanga spiritualityHinengaro the mindTaha tinana physical wellbeingWhanaungatanga extended familyMauri life force in people and objectsMana ake unique identity of individuals and familyH a koro ma, a kui ma breath of life from forbearersWhatumanawa the open and healthy expression of emotionTe Whare Tapa Wha (Durie, 1984)Purpose is to stage set foundation for a holistic barbel and to reflect on a way of being4 componentsWairua spiritualHinengaro min dTinana bodyWhanau familyUtilising of Maori medicineRongoa Mori traditional Mori medicineRongoais the Mori term for medicines that are produced from native plants in New Zealand. Use of these medicines prevented many sicknesses, and provided remedies for the sick. In traditional Mori healing, diagnosis involved a holistic approach that included mind, body and spirit mauri(spark or life force),wairua(spirit), andtapu(natural law).Whakapapaor genealogy was also considered. Tohunga, the medical practitioners of the Mori world, passed their knowledge down through the generations, and modern Mori healers still use many of the concepts and practices.(100% New Zealand, 1999)Identify issues to primary and secondary health serviceDiscriminationThe role of discrimination and racism in harming health is not new but has received increasing attention over the past 20 years. Doctors have been shown to be less likely to advocate for preventive measures for Maori patients than for non-Maori pati ents, and Maoris may be less likely than non-Maoris to be referred for functional care. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006)AccessibilityAccess has been defined in terms of both access to and access through health care, the latter concept taking into account the quality of the service being provided. Health care need and health care quality have been developed into framework for measuring disparities in access to care, a framework that includes broader environmental and societal factors like racism that may affect access.There is increasing distinguish that Maoris and non-Maoris differ in terms of access to both primary and secondary health care operate that Maoris are less likely to be referred for surgical care and specialist services, and that, given the disparities in mortality, they receive lower than expected levels of quality hospital care than non-Maoris. One survey showed that 38% of Maori adults reported problems in obtaining necessary care in their local area, as compared wit h 16% of non-Maoris. Maoris were almost twice as likely as non-Maoris (34% vs 18%) to have gone without health care in the past year because of the cost of such care. This adds to previous usher that cost is a significant barrier to Maoris access to health services. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006)Affordability many another(prenominal) of the Maori people are unemployed due to lack of qualifications for they did not have a chance to study. This results to not being able to avail the health services offered in Tamaki Makau Rau whether it is primary or secondary health services. Instead of seeking professional help from the doctors or health workers, they tend to self-medicate by buying over the counter medicines to have a relief on some(prenominal) symptoms they are experiencing.The development of Maori health servicesAt the beginning of the 20th century, Maori leadership play a key role in advancing health promotion and disease control activities within Maori communities.This approac h was to be important throughout the century, and there are many examples of both national and local Maori-led initiatives committed to advancing Maori health. These initiatives occurred outside of the mainstream services being provided at the time, which made them vulnerable to changes in presidency and funding availability. An opportunity for the focused development of Maori provider services emerged with the introduction of the 1991 health reforms. However, this restructuring of health and social services also led to a rig gap in inequality, as evident in such key determinants of health as income, education, calling, and housing. Moreover, the reforms had direct effects on the health of Maoris, particularly that of children.What are the differences between health services provided by Maoris and those provided by non-Maoris? Crengle identified use of Maori models of health and promotion of positive Maori development as 2 key philosophies underpinning Maori primary health care s ervices. Maori cultural processes used as a basis for developing and delivering contemporary health services that support self-sufficiency and Maori control are crucial to the success of these provider organizations. Maori provider services have specifically identified access issues as a key factor and have used a range of strategies to address these issues, including extensive mobile services and outreach clinics (alongside a health center service base), free or low-cost health care, employment of primarily Maori staff who are more likely to have access to Maori consumers in their communities,and active inclusion of the community in the planning and delivery of services.The number of Maori health providers increased from 13 in 1993 to 240 in 2004. However, these providers continue to face a number of difficulties. For example, a lack of good primary health data, such as ethnicity data, has limited the potential of many Maori health providers, and a small Maori health work-force has been quickly absorbed into the growing number of Maori provider organizations. Also, the short contract time frames in place require extensive renegotiations each year. In addition, because Maori providers work primarily with families at high levels of need in terms of health services, increased costs are inevitable if health gains are to be achieved, and funders must take this situation into account. Similar policy initiatives have recently been choose in Canada and Australia to improve the health of indigenous peoples however, the contractual environments in these countries lean toward single multiyear funding contracts for comprehensive primary health care, and there is early evidence that such systems are more efficient for providers and promote better outcomes among consumers.It is too soon to assess the effects that the Maori provider organizations are having on the health term of Maoris, and these organizations should be viewed as representing one of a package of necessary long-term measures. Although the evidence that such strategies are effective is not yet available, there is for sure evidence that the reverse is true that is, health service provision with little Maori participation results in poor Maori outcomes. (Lis Ellison-Loschmann, 2006)Government Health Policy i.e Whanau OraIt is when the family is empowered as a whole in facing the health problems instead of focusing individually with the whanau members. It encourages the family to help one another in dealing with sickness or any ailments by giving them health lectures, brochures and pamphlets with regards to the disease.Explain the research methodologyResult of consultation with local iwi and/or hapuConsultation helps develop a reconciling working relationship with local Iwi and Hapu. Te reo drives tikanga and kawa for each Iwi and Hapu. It is done usually before and during the research, for the researchers to advise them of the nature of the intended study and invite their comments and / or involvement. respectable and cultural considerations within a hauora contextAs a researcher, we should secure consent first. So that the subject will be aware on what is the field of the research and on how he or she can participate. It is also given to secure his/her rights as a subject.The researcher should also consider his clients cultural safety by not putting into risk his clients cultural beliefs.The researcher should also work on establishing the relationship and set rapport or also known as whakapapa-kawakia.The researcher should allow his client to do their Karakia before and after their session.Data collection and tikangaData is peaceful for this unit standard by using different available resources which involves the three trends namely Lung Cancer, Gynaecological Cacer and Bowel Cancer. These are by utilizing books, journals, websites and notes from our lectures with respect to the Tikanga of the subject. It I important to observe their Tikanga for they will uphol d each others culture and beliefs.Describe the research methodology in accordance with research ethics and tikanga Maori, ensuring you cover the following areasComplete literature review has been already submitted.Sourcing informationReferencesBowel Cancer Matepukupuku Puku Hamuti. (2009) Cancer Society Understanding Cancer, 7-10.Gynaecological Cancers Information for All Women. (2012) Cancer Society, 1-2Ministry of Health. (2014, January 23). Retrieved January 30,2014, from Ministry of Health, http//www.health.govt.nz/your-health/condition-and-treatment/diseases-and-illnesses/cancer/cervical-cancerTe Puni Kokiri. (2012, March 6). Retrieved January 30, 2014, from Te Puni Kokiri http//www.tpk.govt.nz/Ministry of Health. (2010). Trends in Cancer incidence by Ethics and Socioeconomic Group, New Zealand 1981-2004. Trends in Cancer Incidence by Ethics and Socioeconomic Group, New Zealand 1981-2004, 52-57The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright 20 00 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.The Free Dictionary. (n.d.) Retrieved January 30, 2014, from The Free Dictionary, http//www.thefreedictionary.com/aucklandProcedures for recording and analysing information and presenting findingsAssessment Task 2Analyse research regarding hauora Maori trends and paradigms from 1919 to the present dayThe table above shows the cancer enrolment by tumour sites for Maori clients in year 2003-2006, Union neighbourhood. There is a high significance rate which is 63% in Lung Cancer for Maori people. This is mainly because of the image to cigarette smoking and second hand smoke that the Maori people are experiencing.Next is, Colorectal Cancer with 18%, which mainly caused by not eating enough vegetables high in fibre. The diet of the Maori people has a major impact in the second leading cancer. Most of the Maori people eats meat and processed food which contributes in acquiring colorectal cancer.The next three types of cancer are under the umbrella of gynaecological cancer for women. These three has different contributing risk factors which are obesity, improper diet, number of pregnancy and genetics. It can be prevented by undergoing screening and regular check-up with their OB-Gyne. Most of the Maori women are getting gravid with their first child at an early age which causes them to bear more children through their lifetime that may cause one of these cancers.Assessment Task 3Present your findings and explain a present day health priority for MaoriThe leading five female cancer registrations were breast, colorectal, melanoma, lung and uterus in the Northern Region and nationally for the period 2003-2006, accounting for approximately 65% of all female cancers. The leading five male cancer registrations were cancers of the prostate, colorectal, melanoma, lung and non-Hodgkins cancer in the Northern Region and nationally for the period 2003-2006, accounting for approximately 6 5% of all male cancers.Uterine cancer was the second most common cancer (12%) amongst peace-loving women, both nationally and in the Northern Region. Cervical cancer was among the five most common female cancers in Maori, Pacific and Asian women but not in European/Other women in the Northern Region. Nationally, cervical cancer was in the top five female cancers for Asian women only.In the early years, Maori people dont have the enough knowledge with Cancer and they seek help with their local village doctor and instructed to take herbal medicines to relieve whatever symptoms they were experiencing that moment. And later on will be deceased due to different complications without knowing the real cause.The present day health priority for Maori is early screening for cancers. For female Maoris, they can undergo mammography for breast cancer screening, and Pap smear for cervical cancer screening. For male Maoris, they can undergo Digital Rectal testing to check if there are any tender ness and lumps in their prostate. Early prevention is important for there are many treatments that can be used like surgical removal of lumps or undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments. The chance of survival is high when the cancer is diagnosed at the early stage.Proper health education and having Maori representatives in public health care services is important for the Maori, for they will feel that they are safe and secured if they will speak to their co-Maori people in regards with their health concerns. The confederation of the Maori with The Crown will help the Maori people to avail the different health services offered by The Ministry of Health with respect to their culture and beliefs.

Chemistry and Synaptic Transmitters :: Chemistry Science Scientific Essays

Chemistry and Synaptic Transmitters The most common psychoactive substances can be divided into depressants (i.e., alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics), stimulants (i.e., cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy), opioids (i.e., morphine and heroine), and hallucinogens (i.e., PCP, lysergic acid diethylamide, cannabis). The brain has different effects to different psychoactive substances. They bind to different receptor types, and can increase or decrease the exercise of neurons through several different mechanisms. Consequently, these psychoactive substances have different behavioral effects, different rates of development of tolerance, different withdrawal symptoms, and different short-term and long effects (Vaccarino & Rotzinger, 2004). In this team project we will take a closer look at the hallucinogen, LSD by explaining the chemistry and r come one of gate of LSD, synaptic transmitters and the parts of neurons affected, inhibitory/excitatory potential changes, physiological ch anges, primary behavior changes, side effects of behavior changes, and effects reported by users. LSD is considered to be one of, if not the, most potent hallucinogenic drug known (Leicht, 1996). To understand LSD first we will give a abbreviated history of how LSD came into existence. In 1938, Albert Hoffman was an employee in the pharmacological department of Sandoz, in Basel, Switzerland. Hoffman was studying derivatives of lysergic acid, including systematically reacting the acid group with various reagents, to produce the corresponding amides, anhydrides, esters, and so forth One of these derivatives was the diethylamide, made by addition of the NC2H5)2 group, and it was named LSD-25. But the new substance didnt appear to have any particularly useful medical properties, although the look into report noted, in passing, that the experimental animals became restless during the narcosis. (May, 1998). LSD was not looked at for the next fiver years until Hoffma n couldnt get this new substance out of his mind and decided to reexamine LSD. Hoffman stated A peculiar presentiment- the feeling that this substance could possess properties other than those established in the first investigations- induced me, five years after the first synthesis, to produce LSD-25 once again so that a sample could be given to the pharmacological department for further tests. So, in the spring of 1943, he repeated the synthesis of LSD-25. Hoffman is quoted in his laboratory journal on April 19, 1943. 1700 Beginning dizziness, feelings of anxiety, visual distortions,

Free College Essays - The Use of Time in Antony and Cleopatra :: Antony Cleopatra Essays

Use of Time in Anthony and Cleopatra Shakespeares use of time in Anthony and Cleopatra is seemingly 1 quite erratic. However, it is important to note that Shakespeare was a playwright and his job was to write interesting drama, not to accurately record details of history. It therefore seems quite unfair to expect him to use time in a precise manner. However, to dismiss Shakespeares use of time as merely a mistake or the by product of his dramatisation of history 2is to do it injustice. It could soft be argued that there is a method in it.3 To show this we can analyse one chunk of the play, staring at Act 1 diorama 3. Here is where Anthony finally plucks up the courage to leave Egypt. In Act 1 pellet 4, we are in Rome and here we confuse Caesar plain about Anthony while messengers bring news of how Pompey is doing at sea as well as his allies Menecrates and Menas. In act 1 survey 5 we are back in Egypt and Cleopatra is talking about how she misses Anthony. In Act 2 Scene 2 we are back in Rome and Anthony has end his journey across the Mediterranean. Anthony and Caesar get back on speaking terms and decide that to cement their relationship (or to destroy it, depending on your level of cynicism). Octavia should marry Anthony. By Act 2 Scene 5the news of Anthonys betrothal has reached Cleopatra in Egypt and though she rants and raves she doesnt actually do anything constructive about it. In Act 2 Scene 7 we are in Rome again and there is a party where the three triumvirates become drunk to varying degrees . In Act 3 Scene 2 Octavia and Anthony leave Rome together. The next scene is in Egypt, where again very little action takes place. In Act 3 Scene 4 the most remarkable act of condensation occurs when eight years of Octavia and Anthonys marriage are meant to have occurred. By Act 3 Scene 6 we are in Rome and discussing the fact that Anthony has left Octavia in Athens and is back in Egypt.4 So we see that in this chunk of the play there have been man y things occurring in Rome, while in Egypt it might as well have been one long afternoon for all the deeds and actions that have occurred.